Birth of Modern science

The breakthrough of the scientific revolution occur first in Europe as europe's historical development as a fragmented civilization gave rise to scientific enterprise. By twelfth and thirteenth centuries, europeans  had a legal system that church,school, universities had a variety of independence. Also, the abundance of university and school makes european produced more scientist. The schools such as Oxford, Cambridge and Salamanca are example of schools where students have full independent for any research and study.
              Science has a big affect on cultural revolution throughout the world. Educated europeans had a view of the world that derived from Aristotle. The scientific revolution came from the Polish mathematician and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, whose famous book on the revolution of the heavenly spheres was published in the year of his death in 1543. Isaac Newton, the Englishman who made the modern law of motion and mechanics, which remained unchanged until the twentieth century.
        Scientific Revolution spread globally, and becoming the most widely sought and was far more desired than Christianity,socialism and democracy. Interest in European scientific thinking within Asian society was enormous.

The voice of the slave

This is about individual journey of the slaves and how their journey went through. Slaves like Olaudah
Equiano Born in Nigeria was once a free man. Equino was seized away from home when he was around eleven years old. He was sold into Atlantic slave trade. He served for three owners and was able to learn how to read, write and traveled as a seaman of his master's ship. He later got freedom around 1766. He became such a important person to fight against slavery. He published a book in 1789.
         Slave trade was a nightmare for people like Equiano and many others. But for europeans it was just a business. In some cases, Africans rulers welcomed slave traders as early as 1480s as the rulers imagined that they will be benefited by the slave traders with their regime. African leaders also converted to Christianity and also several africans were sent to Europe for education. But, none of this worked as planned.

Sugars and the origins of the modern world

This chapter is about the origin of sugar and how it was traded. Sugar was first used in China but it was only with the Muslim expansion after seventh century where it became so important and vital part of food. Sugar was considered as a luxury goods in the markets of Western Asai and Europe. The plantation of first sugar was near the Persian Gulf and on Mediterranean islands such as Cyprus and Sicily. Columbus brought sugar cane to Hispaniola on his second voyage but there were shortage of manual labors so production was little. Sugar plantation needs hard labor throughout the year and also sugar grow in hot areas, the workers must adapt the temperature as well. So, Portuguese used enslaved African labor in which they had begun to trade in late 1400s. The most growth of sugar production in the New world was around sixteenth through eighteenth centuries as the demand for sugar was so high during that period of time.
          Around late eighteenth century, sugar consumption spread to the lower classes people and uses of sugar in beverages and other drinks were common. The plantation of sugar was difficult at the time as they lacks modern technology. Sugar was also the cutting edge of economic system. In some part of the world, people largely depend on sugar plantation for their livelihood.

I am done.